Afghanistan’s history is one of resilience forged by geography, faith, and centuries of invasion. From Alexander the Great and the Mongol hordes to British imperial campaigns and the Soviet invasion of 1979, the country has repeatedly resisted foreign domination. This article traces Afghanistan’s brutal past, the rise of Islam as a unifying force, the formation of the Afghan nation, and the enduring cultural traditions—such as jihad, tribal identity, and Buzkashi—that have sh